Surgical probe for use in liquid media

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides a surgical probe having a tip for use in liquid media, wherein the tip has a concave body portion and a distal portion. The concave body portion of the tip is positioned after the distal portion such that the liquid jet resulting from the collapse of the cavitation bubble can be substantially reduced. Also disclosed is a surgical probe having a tip and an obstacle for use in liquid media, wherein the tip has a body portion and a distal portion. The obstacle is mounted on the outside of the probe such that the liquid jet resulting from the collapse of the cavitation bubble can be substantially reduced. The obstacle can also be a pick positioned on one side of the probe and in front of the probe.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0001] The present invention relates generally to surgical probe for use in liquid media, and in particular to pulsed electro-surgical and laser probe for preventing formation of liquid jet in liquid media.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] Fiber-delivered laser pulses and pulsed electrical discharges are applied in surgical procedures for precise dissection of soft tissue in liquid media. Energy deposition results from either absorption of the laser radiation in fluid or in tissue, or from localized electric discharge in front of the microelectrode. In liquid media, energy deposition leads to explosive evaporation of fluid and is accompanied by formation of a vapor bubble that can cause substantial collateral damage during its growth and, especially, during the collapse. In fact, collapsing vapor bubbles are the main source of collateral damage in intraocular surgical applications of focused or fiber-delivered pulsed lasers and pulsed electric discharges. When the vapor bubble formed on a tip of an optical fiber probe or on an electric probe collapses, it usually produces a liquid jet in the direction of the probe. This flow of liquid propagates along the axis of the probe and produces tissue damage far beyond the primary energy deposition zone. Repetitive application of laser pulses can also result in formation of a steady flow that pushes soft tissue in front of the probe and interferes with surgery.

[0003] “Electrical Alternative to Pulsed fiber delivered Lasers in Microsurgery”, Journal of Applied Physics 81(11): 7673-7680 (1997) by Daniel Palanker et al. discloses a method for intracular microsurgery based on cavitation bubble generation by electric discharge. In this approach, the expanding cavitation bubble is used to provide cutting action. A limitation of using the cavitation bubble for cutting is that only very soft tissue (e.g. retinal tissue) can be cut. Relatively hard tissues such as eye lenses, lens capsules (e.g. in a capsulotomy procedure) or irises can not be cut by the method disclosed by Palanker. Yet another disadvantage of the method of Palanker is that cavitation bubbles produce substantial collateral damage to surrounding tissue due to generation of liquid flow during bubble collapse.

[0004] U.S. Pat. No. 6,135,998 issued to Daniel Palanker discloses a technique for dissection of tissue by short electric discharge in conducting fluids that create plasma streamers and result in explosive evaporation of water in the vicinity of the probe. Collateral tissue damage in this technique is also associated with collapsing cavitation bubbles.

[0005] U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,066,134, 5,891,095, 5,697,536 and 5,697,281 disclose a tip of an electro-surgical probe, wherein the tip has a generally cylindrical body portion, e.g. a portion of a shaft, and a substantially “thin and flat” distal end surface. These prior art references teach that the distal end surface of the tip can be planar, concave, convex, hemispherical, conical and so on in order to facilitate access to certain body structures in electrosurgical procedures. In these prior art references, the body portion of the tip is generally a cylindrical shaft or a blunt shaft (a portion of a convex cone). The geometry of the body portion of the tip (especially the portion just after the distal end surface of the tip) does not play a role in their teachings regarding reducing tissue damage caused by the liquid jet resulting from the collapse of the cavitation bubble.

[0006] U.S. Pat. No. 5658279 discloses a bipolar electro-surgical tissue penetrating probe having a tip which comprises a conical body portion, or a pyramid body portion, or a blunt body portion, or an annulus body portion. This prior art reference does not discuss situations related to applications of the probe in liquid media. The geometry of the body portion of the tip (especially the portion just after the distal end surface of the tip) also does not play a role in this teaching regarding reducing tissue damage.

[0007] In view of the above, it would be an advance in the art to provide a surgical probe for use in liquid media having a novel tip geometry which can substantially reduce or completely eliminate the liquid jet resulting from the collapse of the cavitation bubble so as to substantially lower the tissue damage.

OBJECTS AND ADVANTAGES

[0008] In view of the above, it is a primary object of the present invention to provide a surgical probe for use in liquid media having a tip, wherein the tip has a concave body portion and a distal portion, such that the liquid jet resulting from the collapse of the cavitation bubble can be substantially reduced and relevant tissue damage can be substantially lowered or even eliminated.

[0009] It is an another object of the present invention to provide a surgical probe having a tip with a concave body portion comprising two or more stages stacked together substantially along the longitudinal direction of the probe.

[0010] It is a further object of the present invention to provide a surgical probe for use in liquid media having a tip and an obstacle, wherein the tip has a body portion and a distal portion, such that the liquid jet resulting from the collapse of the cavitation bubble can be substantially reduced or even eliminated and relevant tissue damage can be substantially lowered. The obstacle can be a ring positioned on or after the body portion or a pick positioned on one side of the probe and/or in front of the probe.

[0011] These and numerous other objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent upon reading the detailed description.

SUMMARY

[0012] The present invention provides a surgical probe having a tip for use in liquid media, wherein the tip has a concave body portion and a distal portion. The concave body portion of the tip is positioned after the distal portion such that the liquid jet resulting from the collapse of the cavitation bubble can be substantially reduced, or even eliminated.

[0013] The present invention also provides a surgical probe having a tip and an obstacle for use in liquid media, wherein the tip has a body portion and a distal portion. The obstacle, e.g. a ring, is positioned on the outside of the probe such that the liquid jet resulting from the collapse of the cavitation bubble can be substantially reduced. The obstacle can also be a pick positioned on one side of the probe and/or in front of the probe.

[0014] In accordance with the present invention, by changing the geometrical shape of the tip, the liquid flow caused by collapsing bubbles can be substantially reduced and even inverted. During collapse of the bubble, the liquid flow on the back side of the probe with a convex body portion accelerates more than that on the front since the probe occupies increasingly larger part of the area of the liquid/gas boundary. Thus, such a flow will be decelerated on the outer surface of the concave body portion of the tip of the present invention, where the probe occupies increasingly smaller part of the liquid/gas boundary as the bubble collapses.

[0015] The concave body portion of the probe according to the present invention is a portion which has at least a portion of a concave cone with circular generatrix, or at least a portion of a concave cone with elliptic generatrix, or at least a portion of a concave cone portion with parabolic generatrix, or at least a portion of a concave cone with hyperbolic generatrix, or their combinations, or any other regular or irregular concave shapes. The concave body portion can also have two or more stages stacked together substantially along the longitudinal direction of the probe. For example, the concave body portion can have two or more stages (with linear generatrix) selected from the group consisting essentially of cylindrical stage, conical stage and planar stage.

[0016] The concave body portion of the tip is generally symmetrical with respect to the longitudinal axis of the probe. However, the concave body portion can also be asymmetrical with respect to the longitudinal axis of the probe.

[0017] The dimension of the concave body portion of the tip can be similar to or substantially larger than those of the distal portion of the tip along a longitudinal direction of the tip and the maximal radius of the concave body portion along a horizontal direction of the tip can be similar to or substantially larger than that of the distal portion of the tip.

[0018] The distal portion of the tip can be substantially flat, concave, partially concave, convex or partially convex. The distal portion can also have a shape selected from the group consisting essentially of plane, partial-sphere, hemisphere, pyramid, cone and cylinder. Generally, the distal portion of the tip is symmetrical with respect to the longitudinal axis of the probe. However, the distal portion can also be asymmetrical with respect to the longitudinal axis of the probe.

[0019] Similar effect of deceleration can be achieved using an obstacle, e.g. a ring, position behind the distal portion of the tip. This ring slows down the flow from the back of the tip thus reducing, eliminating or even inverting the liquid jet in front of the probe.

[0020] Formation of the forward-propagating liquid jet can also be prevented by placing an obstacle, e.g. a pick, on one side of and/or in front of the tip. Cavitation bubble is attracted to such an obstacle and collapses on it without forming the forward propagating liquid jet flow.

[0021] When working with a probe having an obstacle, the body portion of the tip can have at least a cylindrical portion, or at least a conical portion, or at least a concave portion, or at least a convex portion, or their combinations, or any other regular or irregular body shapes. The body portion of the tip is generally symmetrical with respect to the longitudinal axis of the probe. However, the body portion can also be asymmetrical with respect to longitudinal axis of the probe. The distal portion of the tip can be substantially flat, concave, partially concave, convex or partially convex. The distal portion can have any shape selected from the group consisting essentially of plane, partial-sphere, hemisphere, pyramid, cone and cylinder. Generally, the distal portion of the tip is symmetrical with respect to the longitudinal axis of the probe. However, the distal portion can also be asymmetrical with respect to longitudinal axis of the probe.

[0022] In accordance with the present invention, the probe of the present invention can be an electric probe, an optical wave-guide probe, any form of their combinations, or any other possible surgical probe for use in liquid media.

[0023] The above summary of the present invention is not intended to describe each disclosed embodiment or every implementation of the present invention. The figures and the detailed description more particularly exemplify these embodiments.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0024]FIG. 1a is a schematic view of a tip of a surgical probe in the prior art with a cylindrical body portion;

[0025]FIG. 1b is a schematic view of a tip of a surgical probe in the prior art with a convex body portion;

[0026]FIG. 1c is a schematic view of a tip of a surgical probe in the prior art with a conical body portion;

[0027]FIG. 2a is a schematic view illustrating a convex body portion of a tip;

[0028]FIG. 2b is a schematic view illustrating a concave body portion of a tip;

[0029]FIG. 2c is a schematic view illustrating a concave body portion having two conical stages;

[0030]FIG. 2d is a schematic view illustrating a concave body portion having a planar stage and a conical stage;

[0031]FIG. 2e is a schematic view illustrating a concave body portion having two conical stages;

[0032]FIG. 2f is a schematic view illustrating a concave body portion having a conical stage and a cylindrical stage;

[0033]FIG. 3 is a series of four pictures illustrating the ejection of a collapsing cavitation bubble in forward direction resulting in formation of the axial liquid jet;

[0034]FIG. 4 illustrates the formation of a steady liquid jet flow in saline;

[0035]FIG. 5a illustrates the collapsing of a cavitation bubble on a tip with a convex body portion;

[0036]FIG. 5b illustrates the collapsing of a cavitation bubble on a tip with a concave body portion;

[0037]FIG. 6a illustrates the collapsing of a cavitation bubble on a tip with a convex body portion;

[0038]FIG. 6b illustrates the collapsing of a cavitation bubble on a tip with a concave portion;

[0039]FIG. 6c illustrates the collapsing of a cavitation bubble when using an obstacle;

[0040]FIG. 7 illustrates minimal safe distance measured on chorioallantoic membrane of chick embryo with various tips in saline using propidium iodide staining;

[0041]FIG. 8 is a series of six pictures illustrating the forming and collapsing of a bubble when working with a pick;

[0042]FIG. 9 illustrates an embodiment of the present invention;

[0043]FIG. 10 illustrates another embodiment of the present invention with a concave body portion which is asymmetrical with respect to longitudinal axis of the probe;

[0044]FIG. 11 illustrate another embodiment of the present invention with a concave body portion which is bent towards one side of the probe;

[0045]FIG. 12a illustrates another embodiment of the present invention with a concave body portion having two conical stages;

[0046]FIG. 12b illustrates another embodiment of the present invention with a concave body portion having a planar stage and a conical stage;

[0047]FIG. 12c illustrates another embodiment of the present invention with a concave body portion having a conical stage and a cylindrical stage;

[0048]FIG. 12d illustrates another embodiment of the present invention with a concave body portion having two conical stages;

[0049]FIG. 12e illustrates another embodiment of the present invention with a concave body portion having a planar stage and a cylindrical stage;

[0050]FIG. 13 illustrates yet another embodiment of the present invention having an obstacle;

[0051]FIG. 14a illustrates the geometrical characteristics of the tip used in the experiment of FIG. 3;

[0052]FIG. 14b illustrates the geometrical characteristics of the tip used in this experiment of FIG. 5b,

[0053]FIG. 15 illustrates the geometrical characteristics of the tip used in the experiment of FIG. 4; and

[0054]FIG. 16 illustrates a geometrical configuration of a tip having a pick of the present invention.

[0055] While the invention is amendable to various modifications and alternative forms, specifies thereof have been shown by way of examples in the drawings and will be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the intention is not to limit the present invention to the particular embodiments described. On the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0056] The present invention provides a surgical probe for use in liquid media. The geometry of the tip of the surgical probe is novel, e.g. it has a concave body portion, which can substantially reduce or eliminate the liquid jet resulting from the collapse of the cavitation bubble so as to substantially lower the tissue damage.

[0057]FIGS. 1a to 1 c illustrate three typical geometrical configurations of a tip of a surgical probe in the prior art. As shown in FIG. 1a, probe 1′ has a tip 10′ with a cylindrical body portion 11′ and a distal portion 12′. In FIG. 1b, the probe 11″ has a tip 10″ with a convex body portion 11″ and a distal portion 12″. In FIG. 1c, the probe 1″′ has a tip 10″′ with a conical body portion 11″′ and a distal portion 12′″.

[0058] The present invention will be best understood by first reviewing the definitions of a concave body portion or a convex body portion of a tip with reference to FIGS. 2a to 2 f. FIG. 2a is a sectional view of a portion 20 a of the body portion 11 a of the tip 10 a of a probe 1 a. Referring to FIG. 2a, axis Z is the longitudinal axis of the probe 1 a and line 13 a is a peripheral line or generatrix in the sectional plane containing the axis Z. Point X_(1a) and Point X_(2a) are any two points on line 13 a. Line La is a straight line drawn from point X_(1a) to point X_(2a). Point X_(3a) is any point on line La between point X_(1a) and point X_(2a). If point X_(3a) is always inside the surface of the body portion 11 a of the tip 10 a, this portion 20 a of the body portion 11 a is a convex body portion. Also, if point X_(3a) in FIG. 2a is always on the surface of the body portion 11 a of the tip 10 a, this portion 20 a of the body portion 11 a is a conical body portion, a cylindrical portion or a planar portion.

[0059] Referring to FIG. 2b, axis Z is the longitudinal axis of the tip 10 b and line 13 b is a peripheral line or generatrix in the sectional plane containing the axis Z. Point X_(1b) and Point X_(2b) are any two points on line 13 b. Line Lb is a straight line drawn from point X_(1b) to point X_(2b). Point X_(3b) is any point on line Lb between point X_(1b) and point X_(2b). If point X_(3b) is always outside the surface of the tip 10 b, this portion 20 b of tip 10 b is a concave body portion.

[0060] According to the present invention, a concave body portion can also be defined by two or more stages stacked together along the longitudinal direction of a probe as shown in FIGS. 2c to 2 f. Every stage itself is not necessarily a concave portion. FIG. 2c is a sectional view of a portion 20 c of the body portion 11 c of the tip 10 c, wherein the portion 20 c has two stages, S_(1c) and S_(2c). Axis Z is the longitudinal axis of the probe. Line 13 c′ is a peripheral line or generatrix of stage S_(1c) in the sectional plane containing the axis Z. Line 13 c″ is a peripheral line or generatrix of stage S_(2c) in the sectional plane containing the axis Z. Point X_(1c) is any point on 13 c′ (does not include point X₄ which is the crossing point of line 13 c′ and line 13 c″) and point X_(2c) is any point on line 13 c″ (does not include point X_(4c)). Line Lc is a straight line drawn from point X_(1c) to point X_(2c). Point X_(3c) is any point on line Lc between point X_(1c) and point X_(2c). If point X_(3c) is always outside the surface of the tip 10 c, this portion 20 c is a concave body portion.

[0061] In order to construct a concave body portion, the upper stage can be a conical stage with decreasing diameter towards the distal portion (S_(1c) in FIG. 2c, S_(1e) in FIG. 2e and S_(1f) in FIG. 2f ), a planar stage (S_(1d) in FIG. 2d), a concave body portion itself or any other possible regular or irregular shapes. The lower stage can be a conical stage with decreasing diameter towards the distal portion (S_(2c) in FIG. 2c and S_(2d) in FIG. 2d), a conical stage with increasing diameter towards the distal portion (S_(2e) in FIG. 2e), a cylindrical stage (S_(2f) in FIG. 2f), a concave body portion itself or any other possible regular and irregular shape. A concave body portion can be realized by any combination of possible shapes of upper stage and lower stage as long as they fulfill the definition of a concave body portion in accordance with the present invention.

[0062] The above definitions of a concave body portion of a tip are only employed to simplify the explanation of the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of possible shapes of a concave body portion of a tip, but rather to cover all possible, regular or irregular, symmetrical or asymmetrical, bent or straight, shapes of a concave body portion which can fulfill the physical essence of the present invention. The physical essence of the present invention is that a liquid flow resulting from the collapsing of cavitation bubble decelerates on the outer surface of such a concave body portion of a tip so as to substantially reduce the tissue damage.

[0063] In a liquid media, energy deposition leads to explosive evaporation of fluid and is accompanied by formation of a vapor bubble that can cause substantial collateral damage during its growth and, especially, during the collapse. In fact, collapsing vapor bubbles are the main source of collateral damage in intraocular surgical applications of focused or fiber-delivered pulsed laser beams and pulsed electric discharges.

[0064]FIG. 3 is a series of four pictures illustrating the ejection of the collapsing cavitation bubble in forward direction resulting in formation of the axial liquid jet flow within a short period of time as indicated by different moments (μs) under these pictures. As shown in FIG. 3, when the vapor bubble formed on a tip of an optical fiber probe or on an electric probe collapses, it often produces a liquid jet in the direction of the probe. This liquid jet flow propagates along the axis of the probe and produces tissue damage far beyond the primary energy deposition zone. Repetitive application of laser pulses can also result in formation of a steady flow that pushes soft tissue in front of the probe and interferes with surgery. FIG. 14a illustrates the geometrical characteristics of the tip used in this experiment, wherein r_(a)=0.05 mm, r_(b)=0.1 mm, a=0.03 mm, b=0.4 mm, R=1.0 mm and r=0.1 mm. In FIG. 14a, the probe 141 a has a tip 1410 a with a convex body portion 1411 a and a distal portion 1412 a.

[0065]FIG. 4 illustrates the formation of a steady liquid jet flow in saline by application of a train of pulses at energy of 50 μJ/pulse and repetition rate of 20 Hz. The flow is visualized using 6 μm polystyrene beads. FIG. 15 illustrates the geometrical characteristics of the tip used in this experiment, wherein r_(a)=0.075 mm, r_(b)=0.1 mm, a=0.075 mm, b=0.3 mm and r=0.1 mm. In this situation, the maximum radius (R_(maxbubble)) of the bubble is about 0.4 mm. In FIG. 15, the probe 151 has a tip 1510 with a conical body portion 1511 and a distal portion 1512.

[0066]FIG. 5a illustrates the collapsing of a cavitation bubble on a tip with a convex body portion. The cavitation bubble in FIG. 5a collapses in a very asymmetric fashion with respect to the horizontal plane, with its back wall moving forward much faster than the front part moves backwards. This effect results in formation of the liquid jet in the forward direction.

[0067]FIG. 5b illustrates the collapsing of a cavitation bubble on a tip with a concave body portion. The concave body portion of the tip decelerates the flow from the back part of the tip providing more symmetrical collapsing and thus reducing or preventing the formation of the liquid jet flow. FIG. 14b illustrates the geometrical characteristics of the tip used in this experiment (FIG. 5b), wherein r_(a)=0.05 mm, r_(b)=0.15 mm, a=0.05 mm, b=0.3 mm, R=2.0 mm and r=0.05 mm. In FIG. 14b, the probe 141 b has a tip 1410 b with a concave body portion 1411 b and a distal portion 1412 b.

[0068]FIG. 6a illustrates the collapsing of the cavitation bubble on a tip 610 a with a convex body portion. As illustrated, such a tip 610 a is wider than a cone with its vortex at the center of the bubble and its base at the line of intersection of the bubble with the tip 610 a. With such a tip 610 a, the liquid flow from the back is, on average, much faster than that from the front, thus resulting in the formation of a forward-moving liquid jet after the collapse of the bubble.

[0069]FIG. 6b illustrates the collapsing of the cavitation bubble on a tip 610 b with a concave body portion. The volume inside the bubble of the tip 610 b having a concave body portion is substantially the same as or smaller than the cone. The concave body portion slows down the flow from the back as compared with flow from the front, thus substantially reducing or eliminating the liquid jet flow.

[0070]FIG. 6c illustrates the collapsing of the cavitation bubble on a tip 610 c with a body portion and an obstacle 614 positioned on the back part of the body portion. The obstacle 614 in FIG. 6c can be a ring or other shape protruding out of the body portion positioned preferably at a distance close to the radius of the bubble at its maximum expansion phase. The lower surface of the obstacle 614 and the outer surface of the body portion cooperate with each other to create an effect similar to that of a concave body portion (also see FIG. 2d, the lower surface can be recognized as a planar stage S_(1d) in FIG. 2d). This configuration also reduces the velocity of the flow from the back thus reducing or eliminating the liquid jet flow.

[0071]FIG. 7 illustrates minimal safe distance d_(ms) measured on chorioallantoic membrane of chick embryo with three different tips in saline using propidium iodide staining. Fifty pulses are applied at 5 Hz in each position. The minimal safe distance d_(ms) is the maximal distance between the tip and the biological tissue at which the damage is produced by collapsing cavitation bubble. The results in FIG. 7 show that bubble ejection can be completely eliminated using tip (tip C) with a concave body portion and the damage distance can be reduced to the radius of the bubble (indicated as bubble size in FIG. 7). In FIG. 7, the tip A has the same geometrical configuration as the tip in FIG. 14a, wherein r_(a)=0.05 mm, r_(b)=0.1 mm, a=0.03 mm, b=0.4 mm, R=1.0 mm and r=0.1 mm. The tip B also has the same geometrical configuration as the tip in FIG. 14a, wherein r_(a)=0.03 mm, r_(b)=0.05 mm, a=0.03 mm, b=0.4 mm, R=1.0 mm and r=0.03 mm. The tip C has the same geometrical configuration as the tip in FIG. 14b, wherein r_(a)=0.05 mm, r_(b)=0.15 mm, a=0.05 mm, b=0.3 mm, R=2.0 mm and r=0.05 mm.

[0072] Formation of the forward-propagating liquid flow can also be prevented by placing an obstacle, e.g. a pick, for the flow on one side of or in front of the tip. FIG. 8 is a series of six pictures showing the formation and collapse of the cavitation bubble within a short period of time as indicated by different moments (μs) under each of the pictures when using a pick. During collapsing phase, the bubble is attracted to the solid boundary and the forward-propagating flow is not formed. FIG. 16 illustrates a geometrical configuration of a tip with a pick used in the experiment of FIG. 8, wherein a₁=0.3 mm, b₁=1.0 mm, c₁=0.3 mm, d₁=0.2 mm, 1 ₁=0.2 mm, m₁=0.8 mm and α=30°. In this situation, the maximum radius (R_(maxbubble)) of the bubble is about 0.4 mm. The tip 1610 itself in FIG. 16 has the same geometrical configuration as the tip 1510 in FIG. 15.

[0073]FIG. 9 illustrates an embodiment according to the present invention. As illustrated, the surgical probe 91 has a tip 910 with a concave body portion 911 and a distal portion 912. The peripheral line or generatrix 913 can be circular, elliptic, parabolic, hyperbolic, their combinations or any other regular or irregular concave curves that fulfill the definition of a concave body portion in accordance with the present invention. In FIG. 9, Z is the longitudinal axis of the probe 91, a is the longitudinal length of the distal portion 12, b is the longitudinal length of the concave body portion 911, r_(a) is the maximum radius of the distal portion 912 and r_(b) is the maximum radius of the concave body portion 911 of the tip 910.

[0074] The length b of the concave body portion 911 can be similar in dimension to the length a of the distal portion 912 in longitudinal direction as long as a concave body portion 911 can be obtained and the physical essence of the present invention can be fulfilled. Also the maximum radius r_(b) of the concave body portion 911 can be similar in dimension to the maximum radius r_(a) of the distal portion 912 as long as a concave body portion 911 can be obtained and the physical essence of the present invention can be fulfilled.

[0075] In another embodiment of the present invention, the length b of the concave body portion 911 is preferably substantially larger than the length a of the distal portion 912 in longitudinal direction and the maximum radius r_(b) of the concave body portion 911 is preferably substantially larger than the maximum radius r_(a) of the distal portion 912.

[0076] The concave body portion 911 of the tip 910 is generally symmetrical with respect to the longitudinal axis Z of the probe 91. However, the concave body portion 911 can also be asymmetrical with respect to longitudinal axis Z of the probe 91.

[0077] Referring to FIG. 9, the distal portion 912 of the tip 910 can be substantially flat, concave, partially concave, convex, partially convex or any other regular or irregular distal shapes. The distal portion 912 can also have a shape selected from the group consisting essentially of plane, partial-sphere, hemisphere, pyramid, cone and cylinder. The distal portion 912 of the tip 910 is generally symmetrical with respect to the longitudinal axis Z of the probe 91. However, the distal portion 912 can also be asymmetrical with respect to longitudinal axis Z of the probe 91.

[0078] According to one example of the embodiment, an electric probe 91 has a tip 910 with a concave body portion 911 and a distal portion 912, wherein the longitudinal length b of the concave body portion 911 is about 0.3 mm, the longitudinal length a of the distal portion 912 is about 0.05 mm, the maximum radius r_(b) of the concave body portion 911 is about 0.15 mm and the maximum radius r_(a) of the distal portion 912 is about 0.05 mm. In this example, b and r_(b) are substantially larger than a and r_(a) respectively.

[0079]FIG. 10 illustrates another embodiment of the present invention. As illustrated, both the concave body portion 1011 and the distal portion 1012 of the tip 1010 are asymmetrical with respect to the longitudinal axis Z of the probe 101. The longitudinal axis Z_(a) of the distal portion 1012 is horizontally shifted with a distance of c with respect to the longitudinal axis Z of the probe 101.

[0080]FIG. 11 illustrates another embodiment of the present invention. As illustrated, both the concave body portion 1111 and the distal portion 1112 of the tip 1110 are bent towards one side of the probe 111. There is a bending angle θ between he longitudinal axis Z_(a) of the distal portion 1112 and the longitudinal axis Z of the probe 111. Generally, the bending angle θ is not larger than 30°. However, the bending angle θ can be larger than 30° if a concave body portion 1111 can still be obtained and the physical essence of the present invention can still be fulfilled.

[0081] According to the present invention, a concave body portion can also be constructed by two or more stages stacked together substantially along the longitudinal direction of the probe. Each stage itself is not necessarily a concave body portion.

[0082]FIG. 12a illustrates another embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 12a, the probe 121 a has a tip 1210 a having a distal portion 1212 a and a concave body portion 1211 a with two conical stages, S_(121a) and S_(122a). FIG. 12b illustrates another embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 12b, the probe 121 b has a tip 1210 b having a distal portion 1212 b and a concave body portion 1211 b with one planar stage S_(121b) and one conical stage S_(122b). FIG. 12c illustrates another embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 12c, the probe 121 c has a tip 1210 c having a distal portion 1212 c and a concave body portion 1211 c with one conical stage S_(121c) and one cylindrical stage S_(122c). FIG. 12d illustrates another embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 12d, the probe 121 d has a tip 1210 d having a distal portion 1212 d and a concave body portion 1211 d with two conical stages, S_(121d) and S_(122d). FIG. 12e illustrates another embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 12b, the probe 121 e has a tip 1210 e having a distal portion 1212 e and a concave body portion 1211 e with one planar stage S_(121e) and one cylindrical stage S_(122e).

[0083] In order to construct a concave body portion, the upper stage can be a conical stage with decreasing diameter towards the distal portion (S_(121a) in FIG. 12a, S_(121c) in FIG. 12c and S_(121d) in FIG. 12d), a planar stage (S_(121b) in FIG. 12b and S_(121e) in FIG. 12e), a concave body portion itself, their combinations or any other possible regular or irregular shapes. The lower stage can be a conical stage with decreasing diameter towards the distal portion (S_(122a) in FIG. 12a), a conical stage with increasing diameter towards the distal portion (S_(122d) in FIG. 12d), a cylindrical stage (S_(122c) in FIG. 12c and S_(122e) in FIG. 12e), a concave body portion itself, their combinations or any order regular or irregular shapes. A concave body portion can be realized by any combination of possible shapes of upper stage and lower stage as long as they fulfill the definition of a concave body portion in the present invention.

[0084]FIG. 13 illustrates another embodiment of the present invention. As illustrated, the surgical probe 131 has a tip 1310 and an obstacle 1314, wherein the tip 1310 has a body portion 1311 and a distal portion 1312. The obstacle 1314 can be a ring positioned on back/upper part of the body portion 1311 or slightly after the body portion 1311. This obstacle 1314 is preferably positioned at a distance close to the radius of the bubble at maximum expansion phase (see also FIG. 6c).

[0085] Referring to FIG. 13, r_(o) is the maximum radius of the obstacle 1314, r_(a) is the maximum radius of the distal portion 1312 and r_(b) is the maximum radius of the body portion 1311 of the tip 1310. As the obstacle 1314 is positioned on the out surface of the probe 131, maximum radius r_(o) of the obstacle 1314 is larger than the maximum radius r_(b) of the body portion 1311. P is the protruding length of the obstacle 1314 outside the probe 131.

[0086] The maximum radius r_(o) of the obstacle 1314 can be similar in dimension to the maximum radius r_(a) of the distal portion 1312 as long as an effect similar to that of a concave body portion can be realized by the cooperation of the obstacle 1314 and the body portion 1311 and the physical essence of the present invention can still be fulfilled. The protruding length P is preferably comparable in dimension to the maximum radius (R_(maxbubble)) of the cavitation bubble.

[0087] In another embodiment of the present invention, the maximum radius r_(o) of the obstacle 1314 is preferably substantially larger than the maximum radius r_(a) of the distal portion 1312.

[0088] When working with an obstacle 1314, the body portion 1311 of the tip 1310 can have a cylindrical portion, or a conical portion, or a concave portion, or a convex portion, or their combination, or any other possible regular or irregular shapes as long as they can cooperate with the obstacle 1314 to fulfill the physical essence of decelerating the liquid jet flow of the present invention. The body portion 1311 of the tip 1310 is generally symmetrical with respect to the longitudinal axis of the probe 131. However, the body portion 1311 can also be asymmetrical with respect to longitudinal axis Z of the probe 131.

[0089] Still referring to FIG. 13, the distal portion 1312 of the tip 1310 can be substantially flat, concave, partially concave, or convex or any other possible regular or irregular shapes. The distal portion 1312 can have a shape selected from the group consisting essentially of plane, partial-sphere, hemisphere, pyramid, cone and cylinder. The distal portion 1312 of the tip 1310 is generally symmetrical with respect to the longitudinal axis of the probe 131. However, the distal portion 1312 can also be asymmetrical with respect to longitudinal axis Z of the probe 131. Also, the body portion 1311 of the tip 1310 can comprises two or more stages.

[0090] According to one example of the embodiment of the present invention, an electric probe 131 has a conical body portion 1311, a distal portion 1312 and an obstacle 1314, wherein the obstacle 1314 is a ring positioned just after the body portion 1311. In this embodiment, the out radius r_(o) of the ring 1314 is 0.3 mm, the maximum radius r_(a) of the distal portion 1312 is 0.05 mm and the maximum radius r_(b) of the body portion 1311 of the tip 1310 is 0.1 mm. The protruding length P is 0.2 mm which is the difference between r_(o) and r_(b). In this example, r_(o) of the ring 1314 is substantially larger than the maximum radius r_(a) of the distal portion 1312.

[0091] In accordance with yet another embodiment of the present invention, formation of the forward-propagating liquid jet can also be prevented by placing an obstacle, e.g. a pick, on one side of and/or in front of the tip as shown in FIG. 8. Cavitation bubble is attracted to such an obstacle and collapses on it without forming the forward propagating liquid jet flow. FIG. 16 illustrates a geometrical configuration of a probe 161 with a pick of the embodiment, wherein the pick 1614 has a base portion 1615 disposed substantially after a tip 1610, a side portion 1616 which is connected to the base portion 1615 and a front portion 1617 extending from the side portion 1616, the side portion 1616 is disposed along one side of the tip 1610, and the front portion 1617 is bent towards the tip 1610 such that the front portion 1617 of the pick 1614 is in front of the tip 1610. In one example of the embodiment, the angle α between the side portion 1616 and the front portion 1617 is about 30°.

[0092] In accordance with the present invention, the surgical probe of the present invention can be an electric probe, an optical wave-guide probe, any form of their combinations or any other possible surgical probe for use in liquid media. Also, the surgical probe of the present invention should not be considered limited to single-fiber or single-electrode type probe only, but rather should be considered to cover both single-type and array-type surgical probes familiar to those skilled in the art.

[0093] In the above embodiments, the outer surfaces of the body portion and distal portion of the tip should not be considered limited to smooth surfaces, but rather should be considered to cover any surface textures familiar to those skilled in the art. For examples, the outer surface of the tip can comprises any minor regular or irregular ripples, grooves, dents, or bulges. Also, the material of the surgical probe in accordance with the present invention should be considered to cover all possible materials, including soft and flexible materials, familiar to those skilled in the art.

[0094] The present invention should not be considered limited to the particular examples described above, but rather should be understood to cover all aspects of the present invention as fairly set out in the attached claims. Various modifications, equivalents, as well as numerous geometrical configurations to which the present invention may be applicable will be readily apparent to those of skill in the art to which the present invention is directed upon review of the present specification. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A surgical probe for use in liquid media, said probe comprising: a tip, said tip comprising: a concave body portion with a maximum radius r_(b) and a longitudinal length b, and a distal portion with a maximum radius r_(a) and a longitudinal length a; wherein said concave body portion is positioned after said distal portion.
 2. The surgical probe of claim 1, wherein said maximum radius r_(b) of said concave body portion is substantially larger than said maximum radius r_(a) of said distal portion.
 3. The surgical probe of claim 1, wherein said longitudinal length b of said concave body portion is substantially larger than said longitudinal length a of said distal portion.
 4. The surgical probe of claim 1, wherein said concave body portion comprises at least two stages stacked together along the longitudinal direction of said probe.
 5. The surgical probe of claim 4, wherein said concave body portion comprises at least two conical stages.
 6. The surgical probe of claim 4, wherein said concave body portion comprises a substantially planar stage and a conical stage.
 7. The surgical probe of claim 4, wherein said concave body portion comprises a substantially planar stage and a cylindrical stage.
 8. The surgical probe of claim 4, wherein said concave body portion comprises a cylindrical stage and a conical stage.
 9. The surgical probe of claim 1, wherein said concave body portion comprises at least a portion of a shape selected from the group consisting essentially of a concave cone with circular generatrix, a concave cone with elliptic generatrix, a concave cone with parabolic generatrix, and a concave cone with hyperbolic generatrix.
 10. The surgical probe of claim 1, wherein said concave body portion is substantially symmetrical with respect to the longitudinal axis of said probe.
 11. The surgical probe of claim 1, wherein said concave body portion is asymmetrical with respect to the longitudinal axis of said probe.
 12. The surgical probe of claim 1, wherein said distal portion comprises a shape selected from a group consisting essentially of substantial flat, concave, partial concave, convex and partial convex.
 13. The surgical probe of claim 1, wherein said distal portion is substantially symmetrical with respect to the longitudinal axis of said probe.
 14. The surgical probe of claim 1, wherein said distal portion is asymmetrical with respect to the longitudinal axis of said probe.
 15. The surgical probe of claim 1, wherein said concave body portion and said distal portion are bent towards one side of said probe.
 16. The surgical probe of claim 1, wherein said probe is selected from a group consisting essentially of an electro-surgical electric probe, an optical wave-guide probe and a combination of optical wave-guide probe and electro-surgical electric probe.
 17. The surgical probe of claim 1, wherein said probe is an array-type probe.
 18. A surgical probe for use in liquid media, said probe comprising: a tip, said tip comprising; a body portion with a maximum radius r_(b), and a distal portion with a maximum radius r_(a); wherein said body portion is positioned after said distal portion; and an obstacle with a maximum radius r₀; wherein said obstacle protrudes out of said probe and is positioned after said distal portion and said maximum radius r₀ of said obstacle is larger than said maximum radius r_(b) of said body portion, such that the liquid jet resulting from the collapse of the cavitation bubble can be substantially reduced.
 19. The surgical probe of claim 18, wherein said maximum radius r₀ of said obstacle is substantially larger than said maximum radius r_(a) of said distal portion.
 20. The surgical probe of claim 18, wherein said obstacle is positioned on said body portion of said tip.
 21. The surgical probe of claim 18, wherein said obstacle is positioned after said body portion of said tip.
 22. The surgical probe of claim 18, wherein said obstacle is a ring.
 23. The surgical probe of claim 18, wherein said obstacle is positioned on one side of said tip.
 24. The surgical probe of claim 18, wherein said obstacle is a pick.
 25. The surgical probe of claim 24, wherein said pick comprises a base portion disposed substantially after said tip, a side portion which is connected to said base portion and disposed along one side of said tip, and a front portion extending from said side portion and further bent towards said tip such that said front portion is in front of said tip.
 26. The surgical probe of claim 18, wherein said body portion comprises at least two stages stacked together along the longitudinal direction of said probe.
 27. The surgical probe of claim 18, wherein said body portion comprises at least a conical portion.
 28. The surgical probe of claim 18, wherein said body portion comprises at least a concave portion.
 29. The surgical probe of claim 18, wherein said body portion comprises at least a convex portion.
 30. The surgical probe of claim 18, wherein said body portion is substantially symmetrical with respect to the longitudinal axis of said probe.
 31. The surgical probe of claim 18, wherein said body portion is asymmetrical with respect to the longitudinal axis of said probe.
 32. The surgical probe of claim 18, wherein said distal portion comprises a shape selected from a group consisting essentially of substantial flat, concave, partial concave, convex and partial convex.
 33. The surgical probe of claim 18, wherein said distal portion is substantially symmetrical with respect to the longitudinal axis of said probe.
 34. The surgical probe of claim 18, wherein said distal portion is asymmetrical with respect to the longitudinal axis of said probe.
 35. The surgical probe of claim 18, wherein said body portion and said distal portion are bent towards one side of said probe.
 36. The surgical probe of claim 18, wherein said probe is selected from a group consisting essentially of an electro-surgical electric probe, an optical wave-guide probe and a combination of optical wave-guide probe and electro-surgical electric probe.
 37. The surgical probe of claim 18, wherein said probe is an array-type probe. 